![]() ![]() ![]() On my way from Shanghai to Huaibei by high-speed train, I could already feel the festive atmosphere: People working or studying in Shanghai were excitedly on their way home, all taking gifts for their family. ![]() So I was really excited to have the chance to celebrate the Spring Festival with her in her hometown in Huaibei, Anhui province. Being so warm and kind, she has always been there for me and has encouraged me to keep learning Chinese over the past almost 10 years. ![]() She was my very first Chinese teacher - and also my younger brother's - back in 2014 at the Confucius Institute in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. Even though I don't have family in China, I have the next best thing - my Chinese teacher Huang Li - who invited me to her home for the festival. What I was anticipating most about the festival was its warmth as I had learned that it's the time of year when family members travel across the country - or even the world - to return to their homes to reunite with their loved ones. And it finally became a reality at the beginning of this year. So ever since those early days, spending a Chinese New Year in China has been on my wish list. As someone who started learning Chinese at the age of 11, I remember that in all the China-related materials that I could get my hands on - from textbooks to films - the Chinese New Year has always been mentioned as one of the most important elements. I believe that most people - both Chinese learners and non-Chinese learners - must have heard about the magical Chinese New Year. Aliyeva Almaz (right) and a fellow Azerbaijani student (middle) spend the 2023 Spring Festival Eve at the home of their Chinese teacher, Huang Li (left), on Jan 21. ![]()
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![]() The chamber is filled with oxygen and as they breathe, gas increased and reduces the volumes within the circuit. The subject breathes from a closed circuit over water. Of these, height has the greatest influence upon capacities. Measured values are standardised for height, age and sex. However, it cannot measure residual volume. Simple spirometry can measure tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume. Measuring Volumes and Capacities Simple Spirometry This can reflect alveoli that are ventilated but not perfused, for example secondary to a pulmonary embolus. This includes volume in upper and lower respiratory tract up to and including the terminal bronchioles.Īlveolar (distributive) dead space is the volume of air that reaches alveoli but never participates in respiration. Volume of air in lungs after maximum inspirationĪnatomical (serial) dead space is the volume of air that never reaches alveoli and therefore never participates in respiration. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volumeĮxpiratory reserve volume + residual volumeĪffected by height, gender, posture, changes in lung compliance. Volume breathed in from quiet expiration to maximum inspiration Requires adequate compliance, muscle strength and low airway resistance Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume maximum inspiration to maximum expiration) Volume that can be exhaled after maximum inspiration (ie. These are fixed as they do not change with the pattern of breathing. These are composed of 2 or more lung volumes. Volume remaining after maximum expiration Reduced in pregnancy, obesity, severe obstruction or proximal (of trachea/bronchi obstruction) ![]() ![]() ![]() Relies on muscle strength and low airway resistance Relies on muscle strength, lung compliance (elastic recoil) and a normal starting point (end of tidal volume)Įxtra volume that can be expired below tidal volume, from normal quiet expiration to maximum expiration shallow breaths vs deep breathsĮxtra volume that can be inspired above tidal volume, from normal quiet inspiration to maximum inspiration Volume that enters and leaves with each breath, from normal quiet inspiration to normal quiet expirationĬhanges with pattern of breathing e.g. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() If this does not appear in your inbox, please check your spam folder. You will also receive an email providing the download button. You are advised to disable pop-up blockers as these can prevent the download button from appearing. Many students and teachers will find this convenient, but you are advised to read our guidance for exam candidates here:Įxam Preparation Download, store and printĪs soon as you have purchased your lessons you will be directed to return to merchant where you will be provided with a page of download buttons for your purchases. The lessons have also been grouped into eight bundles corresponding to the eight graded exams. You can purchase the lessons individually or in batches at your convenience. ![]() This is essential learning material whether or not you are taking graded exams. It is not possible to learn this material by only watching the video. For the learning process to be effective it is essential to follow all the instructions on the worksheet, completing the practice plan meticulously. 48 lessons taking you from Grade 1 to Grade 8 and beyondĮach downloadable lesson consists of a PDF worksheet along with a six-figure code with which you can access a short tutorial video. ![]() |
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